- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
-
Dutch
-
Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
-
Word stress
-
Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
-
Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
-
Morphology
-
Word formation
-
Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
-
Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
-
Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
-
Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
-
Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
-
Word formation
-
Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
-
3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
-
3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
-
3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
-
3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
-
5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
-
11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
-
Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
-
2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
-
3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
-
3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
-
4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
-
5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
-
7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
-
Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
-
Adpositions and adpositional phrases
-
1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
-
1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
-
1 Characteristics and classification
-
Phonology
-
Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
-
Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
-
Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
-
Morphology
- Inflection
-
Word formation
-
Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
-
Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
-
Derivation
-
Syntax
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
-
Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
-
Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
-
Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
-
Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
-
Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
-
Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
Afrikaans
-
Phonology
-
Segment inventory
-
Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
-
Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
-
Overview of Afrikaans vowels
-
Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
-
Segment inventory
- Morphology
-
Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
-
Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
-
Phonology
The partitive genitive construction consists of an indefinite nominal-like element and an adjective ending in -s: iets bijzonders'something special' (although the -s ending has been reported to be increasingly omitted in the standard variety of Dutch spoken in Belgium; see taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/1317). That the nominal and the adjectival part constitute a syntactic unit is clear from the fact that they can be placed in clause-initial position (the constituency test), although it should be noted that, due to the indefinite nonspecific interpretation of the whole construction, this triggers a contrastive interpretation. This is illustrated in (21a). Other constituency tests, like contrastive left dislocation in (21b) and coordination in (21c), also have a positive result.
a. | [Iets groens] | heb | je | voor de deur | nodig | (en | [iets blauws] | voor de kozijnen). | |
something green | have | you | for the door | need | and | something blue | for the frames | ||
'You need something green for the door (and something blue for the frames).' |
b. | [Iets groens] | dat | heb | je | voor de deur | nodig. | |
something green | that | have | you | for the door | need | ||
'Something green, that is what you need for the door.' |
c. | Je | hebt | [[iets | groens] | en | [iets | roods]] | nodig. | |
you | have | something | green | and | something | red | need | ||
'You need something green and something red.' |
That the two parts of the partitive genitive construction form a constituent is also supported by the fact that they are always strictly adjacent to each other, that is, they cannot be split by means of movement. This is illustrated in (22).
a. | Hij | heeft | toen | iets ellendigs | meegemaakt. | |
he | has | then | something terrible | prt.-experienced | ||
'Something terrible happened to him.' |
b. | * | Hij heeft toen iets meegemaakt ellendigs. |
c. | * | Iets heeft hij toen ellendigs meegemaakt. |
There are various reasons for assuming that the nominal part functions as the syntactic head of the partitive genitive construction. The arguments in the subsections below are mainly based on the similarity in behavior between indefinite noun phrases and the partitive genitive construction.
With respect to agreement with the finite verb, the partitive genitive construction behaves like the nominal part of the construction in isolation: it triggers singular agreement. This is illustrated in (23).
a. | Er | is/*zijn | [iets | spannends] | gebeurd. | |
there | is/are | something | exciting | happened | ||
'Something exciting has happened.' |
a'. | Er | is/*zijn | iets | gebeurd. | |
there | is/are | something | happened | ||
'Something has happened.' |
b. | Er | staat/*staan | [iets | grappigs] | op het bord. | |
there | stands/stand | something | funny | on the blackboard | ||
'Something (funny) is written on the blackboard.' |
b'. | Er | staat/*staan | iets | op het bord. | |
there | stands/stand | something | on the blackboard | ||
'Something is written on the blackboard.' |
The presence of the expletive er'there' in example (23) from the previous subsection shows that both the quantificational pronoun iets and the partitive genitive construction can be nonspecific (cf. also the discussion of (21a)); in general, only nonspecific indefinite subjects license expletive er. If expletive er is not present, the partitive genitive construction is given a specific or a generic interpretation, just as is the case with other indefinite subjects. This is illustrated in (24): on its specific interpretation in (24a), which is marginal for some speakers, the partitive genitive construction refers to a certain exciting thing known to the speaker; on its generic reading in (24b), which is fully acceptable for all speakers, the sentence expresses that any exciting thing would be welcome.
a. | % | Iets spannends | is | gebeurd. |
something exciting | has | happened |
b. | Iets spannends | is altijd | welkom. | |
something exciting | is always | welcome |
Like other noun phrases, partitive genitive constructions can be modified by means of a relative clause. The examples in (25) show that relative clauses can also modify the quantificational pronoun (n)iets, that is, the partitive genitive adjective need not be present.
a. | Jan heeft | iets | (handigs) | [dat | je | daarvoor | kan | gebruiken]. | |
Jan has | something | handy | that | you | therefore | can | use | ||
'Jan has something handy that you can use for that.' |
b. | Ik | heb | niets | (warms) | [om | aan | te trekken]. | |
I | have | nothing | warm | comp | on | to put | ||
'I have nothing (warm) to wear.' |
Note in passing that it is not the case that all clauses that follow the partitive genitive construction modify the noun phrase as a whole. Comparative dan-clauses, for example, follow the noun phrase as well, but since they are dependent on the comparative -er morpheme on the adjective, the adjective is obligatorily present. Something similar holds for intensifying phrases licensed by the modifier te.
a. | iets | *(harders) | [dan | ik | had | gedacht] | |
something | harder | than | I | had | thought |
b. | iets | *(?te leuks) | [om | waar | te zijn] | |
something | too nice | comp | true | to be | ||
'Something too nice to be true.' |
The fact that the partitive genitive construction may occur in most regular NP-positions has already been illustrated for the subject and object positions in (23) and (21), respectively. In (27), this is illustrated for the prepositional object position: (27a) involves a prepositional complement of the verb and (27b) an adverbial adjunct.
a. | Zij zocht | naar iets spannends | in de bibliotheek. | |
she looked | for something exciting | in the library |
b. | Zij | liep | met iets zwaars | de trap | op. | |
she | walked | with something heavy | the stairs | up | ||
'She climbed the stairs with something heavy.' |
Partitive genitive constructions are not readily used as indirect objects, which is related to the fact that indirect objects generally refer to +animate entities or institutions, whereas the partitive genitive construction generally refers to -animate entities; cf. the discussion of the examples in (57) to (62). Some relatively acceptable examples are given in (28), in which the partitive genitive construction refers to some sort of institution.
a. | ? | Hij | heeft | iets vaags | al zijn geld | geschonken. |
he | has | something vague | all his money | given | ||
'He gave all his money to something vague.' |
b. | ? | Hij | heeft | al zijn geld | aan iets liefdadigs | geschonken. |
he | has | all his money | to something charitable | given | ||
'He gave all his money to charity.' |
Given the similarity in syntactic behavior and distribution between indefinite noun phrases and the partitive genitive construction, it seems safe to conclude that the quantificational pronoun iets is the head of the complex construction. This of course coincides with the fact that the partitive genitive adjective cannot be used in isolation in the NP-positions in (21) to (27); the noun iets is obligatorily present in these examples (see the discussion of (4)). The fact that the partitive genitive construction is headed by the indefinite noun does not imply, however, that it is always possible to omit the adjective; omitting the adjective in (29a&b), for example, causes the example to be less acceptable under the intended reading. The fact that the two (c)-examples are fully acceptable shows, however, that something special is going on in the (a)- and (b)-examples.
a. | Ik | denk | niet graag aan | iets | naars. | |
I | think | not gladly about | something | nasty | ||
'I donʼt like to think about something nasty.' |
a'. | ?? | Ik denk niet graag aan iets. |
b. | Je | kan | bij deze mensen | niet | met | iets | goedkoops | aankomen. | |
one | can | at these people | not | with | something | cheap | prt.-arrive | ||
'One cannot give these people something cheap.' |
b'. | *? | Je kan bij deze mensen niet met iets aankomen. |
c. | Jan dacht | aan | iets | (naars). | |
Jan thought | about | something | nasty |
c'. | Jan dacht aan iets. |
The difference in acceptability between (29a'&b') and (29c') is probably related to the presence of the sentential negation in the first two examples. The examples in (30) show that the quantificational pronoun iets'something' normally cannot be preceded by the sentential negator niet'not'; instead, the negative pronoun niets'nothing' is used.
a. | *? | Ik | zie | niet | iets. |
I | see | not | something |
b. | Ik | zie | niets. | |
I | see | nothing |
If we apply the same merging rule to (29a'), we get the result in (31a). However, this structure expresses constituent negation, and not sentential negation. In order to express sentential negation, the negative noun phrase must be moved into the position that is otherwise occupied by the negative marker; cf. the discussion of the examples in (67) in Section 2.3.1, sub IIB2. This can be done can by applying R-pronominalization and R-extraction. This results in the acceptable structure in (31a'), and for the same reason, (29b') surfaces as (31b).
a. | Ik | denk | graag | aan niets. | |
I | think | gladly | about nothing | ||
'I like to think about trivial things.' |
a'. | Ik | denk | nergens | graag | aan. | |
I | think | nowhere | gladly | about | ||
'I donʼt like to think about anything.' |
b. | Je | kan | (bij deze mensen) | nergens | mee | aankomen. | |
one | can | at these people | nowhere | with | prt.-arrive | ||
'One cannot give (these people) anything.' |
The fact that the sentential negator is possible in (29a&b) may be related to the fact that R-pronominalization is not possible if the pronoun is part of a larger phrase: the examples in (32) are therefore ungrammatical, and this leaves us with (29a&b) as the only means to express the intended meanings. This may account for the contrast in acceptability between (29a'&b') and (29c').
a. | * | Ik | denk | nergensi | graag | aan [ti | naars]. |
I | think | nowhere | gladly | about | nasty |
b. | * | Je | kan | (bij deze mensen) | nergens | mee [ti | goedkoops] | aankomen. |
one | can | at these people | nowhere | with | cheap | prt.-arrive |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[83%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Diminutive allomorphy
[83%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[82%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Phonotactics at the word level
[81%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[81%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[86%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Breaking: phonetic aspects
[86%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Breaking
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[85%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The syllabic affiliation of prevocalic glides
[85%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants > Glides
- Orthography
[85%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[82%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[82%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Nasalization
[80%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Nasal assimilation
[80%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- d-deletion
[80%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Case - the partitive construction
[89%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Adjectival inflection
[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Possessive pronouns
[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- -ing
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Cardinal numbers
[88%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- In prenominal position
[87%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Personal pronouns
[87%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Degree
[87%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[87%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Prefixation
[76%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Circumfixation
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Bound forms
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 7.1. The structure of the partitive genitive construction
[95%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 3.1.3. Modification by a complex intensifying phrase
[93%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[93%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 3.5. Special cases
[93%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 6.2.1. The three main construction types
[92%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase > 6.2. Complementive use of the adjective
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[86%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The PPI-B construction
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- Restriction of the B-construction to modals
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- Non-pronominal
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Noun ellipsis > After possessors
- The PPI-A construction
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
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[86%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[86%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
- Attribution
[86%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
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[85%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
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[84%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
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