- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The suffix -s is an unproductive suffix that is used to create adjectives on the basis of nouns that refer to a material or substance. Thus lekkens, derived from the noun lekkencloth, has the meaning made of cloth, 'consisting of cloth. Adjectives derived from material nouns commonly are formed with help of the suffix -en. The suffix -s is only used after material nouns that end in /en/, /el/ or /je(s)/; resp. linnenlinen > linnenslinen, duffelduffel coat > duffelsa duffel coat, flenjeflannel > flenjesflannel.
The suffix is attached to a base that denotes a material or stuff. Derivations with the suffix -s from nouns denoting material or stuff have the following schema: "made of {noun}" or "consisting of {noun}".
Adjectives derived from material nouns are commonly formed with help of the suffix -en. However, if material nouns end in /en/, /el/ or /je(s)/, the suffix -s is used. Examples are given in the table below:
Base form | Derivation |
lekkensheet | lekkenssheet |
linnenlinen | linnenslinen |
duffelduffel | duffelsduffel |
flenjeflannel | flenjesflannel |
sarjeshalloon | sarjesshalloon |
keekjekhaki | keekjeskhaki |
Next to material nouns, the suffix -s can also derive adjectives from nouns denoting coins. They have the meaning 'price indicated by {noun}'. Examples are given in the table below:
Base form | Derivation |
botsenstiver | botsenshaving the value of ½ cent |
oartsenstiver | oartsenshaving the value of ¼ cent |
dûbeltsjeten-cent piece | dûbeltsjeshaving the value of 10 cent |
kwartsje25-cent piece | kwartsjeshaving the value of 25 cent |
stoerstiver | stoertshaving the value of 5 cent |
gûneguilder | gûnshaving the value of one guilder |
daalderone guilder and fifty cent | daaldershaving the value of 1 guilder 50 |
Note that these examples indicate coins that due to the introduction of the euro are not in use anymore. Consequently, these words are not very much in use nowadays. If the derivations in -s are used, it is mostly in fixed expressions, like in daalders plakjean excellent place.
The weight noun pûnhalf a kilogram and the length noun jellena yard can also get the adjectival -s: pûnsweighing half a kilogram and jellenswith the length of a yard.
The suffix -s can also derive adjectives from exclamative forms. Furthermore, it can be found in synthetic compounds together with a numeral + noun.
In stoerts a /t/ has been inserted between the final /r/ of the base form and /s/ of the suffix. Next to gûns (with truncation of schwa), one can find the form gûnes. The same form with -es can be found in duitcent > duitesone cent and sintcent > sintesa cent. In the last example, there is sometimes a -r- inserted between the base form and the suffix -s: sinters.
This article is based on Hoekstra (1998:137-138). More details can be found in Hoekstra (1992).
This article is based on Hoekstra (1998:137-138). More details can be found in Hoekstra (1992).
- Hoekstra, Jarich1992Eigenskipswurden op -sFriesch Dagblad11-04Taalsnipels 121
- Hoekstra, Jarich1998Fryske wurdfoarmingLjouwertFryske Akademy
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Diminutive allomorphy
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Intonation
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Orthography
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Schwa-final nouns and nouns without final schwa
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- Final /d/-deletion
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- Homorganic glide insertion
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Rhotacism
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- d-deletion
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- -ig
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Case - the partitive construction
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- -ing
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -erig
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -s
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -ling
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Adjective as base
- -en
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
- -DIM (diminutive)
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- -sk
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
- -s
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adverbial suffixes > Noun as base
- Meaning of affixes
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[72%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[72%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Prefixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.3.3. Relational adjectives
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 2.2.2. Relational nouns
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 4.1.1.3. Properties of N1
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions > 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition > 4.1.1. Quantificational constructions: een paar boeken 'a couple of books'
- 2.2.1. Tests for distinguishing PP-complements from PP-adjuncts
[80%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Restriction of the B-construction to modals
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- Non-pronominal
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Noun ellipsis > After possessors
- The past imperative as the expression of the irrealis
[74%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- Combining with to-infinitives
[74%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Mood
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Noun ellipsis
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Attribution
- Attribution
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Adverbs and intensifiers used with attributive adjectives
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Attribution
