- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The suffix -erwize creates adverbs from adverbially used adjectives (including present participles). An example is tafallichby chance > tafalligerwizeby chance. The suffix is unproductive, and many formations seem to be loans from Dutch. The bases are complex.
The suffix -erwize creates adverbs from other adverbs, i.e. adverbially used adjectives and present participles. Examples are given in the table below:
Base form | Derivation |
normaalnormal/normally | normalerwizenormally |
foarsichtichcareful | foarsichtigerwizecarefully |
oanfallendoffensive | oanfallenderwizeoffensively |
boartsjendplaying | boartsjenderwizewithout effort |
earlikhonest/honestly | earlikerwizehonestly |
begryplikunderstandable/understandably | begryplikerwizein an understandable way |
fatsoenlikdecent/decently | fatsoenlikerwizedecently |
minsklikhuman/humanly | minsklikerwizehumanly |
dúdlikclear/clearly | dúdlikerwizeclearly |
reedlikrational/rationally | reedlikerwizerationally |
foarsichtichcareful/carefully | foarsichtigerwizecarefully |
freegjendinterrogative/interrogatively | freegjenderwizeinquiringly |
roljendrolling/rollingly | roljenderwizein a rolling way |
The suffix -erwize carries the meaning ‘in a manner indicated by the base form’. This reflects its etymological relationship with the noun wizemanner. The main semantic roles of the adverbs are those of qualification, modality, and evaluation. The usual way to express a manner in Frisian is by using the suffix -wei. Often, a derivation with -erwize has a Dutch flavour. A subtle semantic difference might furthermore be that -wei also involves a time aspect: it implies that the manner has persisted during the whole of the action. This aspect seems to be lacking with respect to -erwize.
The suffix preserves the main stress location of its base word (EARlikhonest/honestly > EARlikerwizehonestly); the second syllable of the suffix [vi:] carries secondary stress. The prosodic structure of the adverbs is such that each consists of two prosodic words. The first one is formed by the base + the part -er-, whereas -wiis/-wize forms the second prosodic word, as in /(moγləkər)(υizə)/.
When the base form ends in a voiceless consonant, this becomes voiced before -erwize: lokkich[lokəx]lucky > lokkigerwize[lokəɣərvi:zə]luckily, boartsjend[bṷatsjənt]playing > boartsjenderwize[bṷatsjəndərvi:zə]effortlessly.
Adverbs in -erwize cannot be input for further derivation.
Some more details about the suffixe -erwize can be found in Boersma (2007).
- Boersma, Gertrud D2007Bywurden mei de efterheaksels -wei en -wiis/wize yn it Frysk en -weg en -wijs/-wijze yn it NederlânskRijksuniversiteit GroningenThesis
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonotactics at the word level
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Diminutive allomorphy
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- The syllabic affiliation of prevocalic glides
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants > Glides
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Diminutive formation
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Phonology-morphology interface
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[72%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- -erwijs
[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adverbs > Adverbial suffixes
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- -ig
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -tal
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -achtig
[78%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -wei
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adverbial suffixes > Adverb as base
- -DIM (diminutive)
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- -e
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Onomastic suffixes > Numeral as base
- -ich
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Prefixation
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Meaning of affixes
[72%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 6.3. Supplementive use of the adjective
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification > 3.3. Postmodification
- 2.2.1. Tests for distinguishing PP-complements from PP-adjuncts
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 4.3.2. Modification of the comparative/superlative
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison > 4.3. Comparison and degree modification
- The PPI-B construction
[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
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[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
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[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- Simple APs
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Modification > APs
- Mood
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- The comparative complement
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
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[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
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[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
