- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
In language after language, prefixes behave differently from suffixes in always being non-cohering or, put differently, in always forming an independent domain of syllabification. In general, a stem-final consonant surfaces as the onset of a vowel-initial suffix, but a prefix-final consonant does not show up as the onset of a vowel-initial stem. A prefix boundary thus coincides with a syllable boundary, see Booij (1995:30) for Dutch. Prefixes having a relatively independent phonological status, complex words derived with a prefix and compounds have quite a comparable phonological structure. The subject of this topic is /r/-deletion in complex words derived with an /r/-final prefix.
As to deletion, one expects prefix-final /r/ to behave like the final /r/ of the left-hand member of a compound. It is, however, impossible to check whether or not this expectation is borne out by the facts. Frisian has just one /r/-final (schwa-)prefix, viz. fer- (/fər-/), which has the property that its /r/ deletes before any stem-initial consonant (with the exception of /h/). This is exemplified in (1):
Examples of complex words derived with the (verbal) prefix fer- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferbaarne | /fər+ba:nə/ | [fəba:nə] | to burn down | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferdiele | /fər+diələ/ | [fədiələ] | to divide | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferfarre | /fər+farə/ | [fəfarə] | to move house | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
fergean | /fər+ɡɪən/ | [fəɡɪən] | to pass by | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferjitte | /fər+jɪtə/ | [fəjɪtə] | to forget; to shed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferkeapje | /fər+kɪəpjə/ | [fəkɪəpjə] | to sell | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferlieze | /fər+liəzə/ | [fəliəzə] | to lose | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
fermeitsje | /fər+majtsjə/ | [fəmajtsjə] | to amuse, to entertain; to alter, to remodel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferneame | /fər+nɪəmə/ | [fənɪəmə] | to name after | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferpakke | /fər+pakə/ | [fəpakə] | to pack up | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
fersakje | /fər+sakjə/ | [fəsakjə] | to subside | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
fertille | /fər+tɪlə/ | [fətɪlə] | to lift over | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ferwize | /fər+vi:zə/ | [fəvi:zə] | to refer (to) |
In case the stem is /r/-initial − as with ferriede/fər+riədə/[fəriədə]to betray− one [r] remains. The unity of the analysis forces us to assume that /r/-deletion operates here, though degemination can do the job as well.
In case the stem is /r/-initial − as with ferriede/fər+riədə/[fəriədə]to betray− one [r] remains. The unity of the analysis forces us to assume that /r/-deletion operates here, though degemination can do the job as well.
Extra prominence may preserve /r/ from deletion, as in it is FERMAAKLIKit is very, very amusing, entertaining, where fermaaklik/fər+ma:klək/ can be realized as either [fərma:klək] or [fəma:klək].
Curses and/or disguised oaths − like ferdikke/fərdɪkə/, ferdoarje/fərdoərjə/ and ferdomme/fərdomə/, all meaning darn it! or damned!− are generally realized with a fair amount of emphasis. Not only does /r/ not delete here, it also has a prolonged realization. The emotional content of such words seems to be underlined by deviant phonological behaviour.
Extra prominence may preserve /r/ from deletion, as in it is FERMAAKLIKit is very, very amusing, entertaining, where fermaaklik/fər+ma:klək/ can be realized as either [fərma:klək] or [fəma:klək].
Curses and/or disguised oaths − like ferdikke/fərdɪkə/, ferdoarje/fərdoərjə/ and ferdomme/fərdomə/, all meaning darn it! or damned!− are generally realized with a fair amount of emphasis. Not only does /r/ not delete here, it also has a prolonged realization. The emotional content of such words seems to be underlined by deviant phonological behaviour.
The initial part fer- of loanwords − like fer'baalverbal, fer'benaverbena, vervain, fermil'joenvermillion, fer'mintferment, fermin'tearjeto ferment, fermi'seljevermicelli, fer'nisvarnish, and ferti'kaalvertical − is realized as [fɛr-]. Since fer- does not bear stress, [ɛ] may reduce to schwa, especially when fer- is immediately followed by the syllable bearing main stress. Reduction, however, does not pave the way for /r/-deletion. The word ferbaal, for instance, can be realized as either [fɛrba:l] or [fərba:l], but not as [*fəba:l]. Deletion appears to be a prerogative of the /r/ of the prefix fer-.
The initial part fer- of loanwords − like fer'baalverbal, fer'benaverbena, vervain, fermil'joenvermillion, fer'mintferment, fermin'tearjeto ferment, fermi'seljevermicelli, fer'nisvarnish, and ferti'kaalvertical − is realized as [fɛr-]. Since fer- does not bear stress, [ɛ] may reduce to schwa, especially when fer- is immediately followed by the syllable bearing main stress. Reduction, however, does not pave the way for /r/-deletion. The word ferbaal, for instance, can be realized as either [fɛrba:l] or [fərba:l], but not as [*fəba:l]. Deletion appears to be a prerogative of the /r/ of the prefix fer-.
- Booij, Geert1995The phonology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Stem allomorphy
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Intonation
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonotactics at the word level
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- The spelling of linking elements in compounds
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- /r/-deletion in intensifying compound-like adjectives
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > /r/-deletion
- /r/-deletion in compounds
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > /r/-deletion
- Cliticization
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The syllabic affiliation of prevocalic glides
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants > Glides
- Rhotacism
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- r-deletion
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Nasalization
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
[76%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- Synthetic compounds
[76%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- -er (nominal)
[76%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -erd
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Conversion
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- -heid, -ens and -ichheid
[77%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Adjective as base
- Cardinal numbers
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- -DIM (diminutive)
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- In prenominal position
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- -k
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Verbal suffixes > Noun as base
- Inputs and input restrictions
[76%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[72%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Non-native affixes
[72%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.3.1.3. Ing-nominalization
[76%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 2.2.3.1. Agentive er-nominalizations
[76%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements > 2.2.3. Deverbal nouns
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 2.5.1.1. General introduction
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure > 2.5. Special verbs > 2.5.1. Psychological verbs
- 1.3.1.2. Inf-nominalization (Infinitival nominals)
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- Referentiality versus quantification
[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses > Linearity and referentiality
- Combining with to-infinitives
[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The empty verb hinnegean 'go' selects an adjunct IPI
[71%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo > Adjunct IPI-constructions
- No NP-complements
[71%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Complementation > Postpositions + simple complements > No complements to postpositions
- Mood
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Modification of the superlative
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Superlative
- Root modality
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Modality
- The regular passive
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations involving the external argument > Passivisation
- 3.3.2 Accusative and PP alternations
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations of Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases
