- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Agreement on adjectives is absent in a number of cases, involving specific properties of the adjective.
Agreement on adjectives is absent in a number of cases (in addition to the cases mentioned earlier, involving specific quantifiers):
- The adjective ends in a schwa, as in oranjeorange, ferealein love, enamoured.
This also includes past participles of je-verbs which are used as adjectives. Such verbs form their past participles in schwa, such as achtedear (in letters) from achtsjevalue, tekenjedraw: achte bestjoerdear board, in moai tekene hûsa beautifully drawn house.
- The adjective is a loan word such as kakikhaki, aluminiumaluminium, primafine.
- The adjective is a geographical adjective in -er:
Example 1
a. De Ljouwert-er plysje the Leeuwarden.GEO police The police of the city of Leeuwarden b. *De Ljouwert-er-e plysje the Leeuwarden.GEO.CG police The police of the city Leeuwarden c. Dimter koeke Dimter pie Gingerbread from Deventer d. *Dimt.er-e koeke Dimter.GEO.CG pie Gingerbread from Deventer - Comparative -er (allomorph -der) follows an unaccented syllable, so that the presence of agreement leads to three unaccented syllables with a schwa:
Example 2
a. In ûnbetrouber-der fint an unreliable.CPR man An unreliable man b. *In ûnbetrouber-der-e fint an unreliable.CPR.CG man An unreliable man Example 3
a. De wat grutter-e doarpen the somewhat bigger.PL villages The slightly bigger villages b. *De wat grutter doarpen the somewhat bigger villages The slightly bigger villages - The adjective forms an idiom with the following noun. The noun has two characteristic properties in this construction:
- it is a common noun
- it denotes a person
This group is quite productive. The phrase as a whole denotes functions of persons. The adjective exhibits both failure of number agreement and failure of gender agreement, as it is without schwa both in the common gender and in the plural:
Example 4
a. De sosjaal wurker The social wurker b. De sosjaal wurkers The social workers c. De saaklik direkteur The business director d. De saaklik direkteuren The business directors If the agreement is present, the phrase loses its meaning specialisation, and receives its literal interpretation. These cases do not have the stress pattern of compounds, that is, there is no primary stress on the adjective (as in langslieperlong sleeper) but it is on the noun, as in agreement constructions.
- The adjective forms an idiom with the following noun. The noun has two characteristic properties in this construction:
- it is a neuter noun
- it denotes a non-person
This group is quite productive. It differs from its common counterpart in that the adjective may bear inflection in the plural. so some members belonging to this group exhibit failure of gender agreement but not of number agreement. However, other members of this group fail to show up in the plural with their idiomatic interpretation:
Example 5
a. It koart pleit the short suit The law suit b. De koarte pleiten the short suits The law suit c. It hillich fjoer the holy fire The holy fire d. De hillige fjurren the holy fire The holy fire So it hillich fjoer denotes ambitious ensoiasm, but its plural just means holy fires.
- Some lexical cases: the adjectives lofterleft and rjochterright.
More details can be found in Haan (1993) and Haan (1993).
- Haan, Rienk de & Hoekstra, Jarich1993Morfologyske tûkelteammen by de leksikale útwreiding fan it FryskIt Beaken5514-31
- Haan, Rienk de & Hoekstra, Jarich1993Morfologische problemen bij de lexicale uitbreiding van het FriesTabu1-251-62
- Dutch
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[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
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[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Segment inventory > Vowel inventory
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[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Schwa deletion
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[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > /r/-deletion
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[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
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[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- d-deletion
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
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[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
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[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
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[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Dutch
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- Adjectival inflection
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
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[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
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[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
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[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
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[77%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
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[75%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
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[75%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
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[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Prefixation > Adjectival prefixes > Adjective as base
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[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
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[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
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[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
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- 5.1.1. The inflectional paradigm
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase > 5.1. Inflection
- 5.1.5.1. The semantics of geen ''no''
[74%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns > 5.1. Articles > 5.1.5. The negative article geen 'no'
- 5.4. N-ellipsis
[74%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6.2.3. Existential quantifiers
[74%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 6 Numerals and quantifiers > 6.2. Quantifiers
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
[74%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
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[74%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Agreement > Dialectical
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[69%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Agreement > Variable agreement
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[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
