- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The quantifier beideboth is marginally able to support noun ellipsis. Instead, a quantifier float structure is required.
Like alleall, the quantifier beideboth is marginally able to carry noun ellipsis in subject and object position:
a. | ?Beide / beiden seagen der goed út | ||||||||||||||
both looked there good out | |||||||||||||||
Both looked well |
b. | ?Ik ha beide / beiden sjoen | ||||||||||||||
I have both seen | |||||||||||||||
I've seen both |
c. | ?Der wurdt oer beide / beiden praat | ||||||||||||||
there is about both talked | |||||||||||||||
Both are being talked about |
Instead, it requires a quantifier float structure, that is, a structure in which the quantifier appears as an adverb accompanying a pronoun:
a. | Se seagen der beiden / beide goed út | ||||||||||||||
they looked there both good out | |||||||||||||||
Both looked well |
b. | Ik ha se beide / beiden sjoen | ||||||||||||||
I have them both seen | |||||||||||||||
I've seen them both |
c. | Der wurdt oer har beiden praat | ||||||||||||||
there is about them both talked | |||||||||||||||
There is talk about both of them |
d. | *Der wurdt oer har beide praat | ||||||||||||||
there is about them both talked | |||||||||||||||
Both of them are being talked about |
The form beidenboth occurs proportionately, though not absolutely, more often with a human antecedent than the form beideboth. In the position of prepositional complement, however, it seems that a human interpretation for beidenboth is obligatory; so (d) above cannot refer to two inanimate subjects which are being talked about. This is independent of the presence of the quantifier: if only the pronoun harher, them is present, the judgments are the same. The object pronoun harher, them has a case-neutral clitic form seher, them. Both forms may show up as prepositional complement, but only harher, them may be accompanied by a floating quantifier:
a. | Der wurdt oer har praat | ||||||||||||||
there is about them talked | |||||||||||||||
They are being talked about |
b. | Der wurdt oer se praat | ||||||||||||||
there is about them talked | |||||||||||||||
They are being talked about |
c. | *Der wurdt oer se beiden / beide praat | ||||||||||||||
there is about them both talked | |||||||||||||||
Both of them are being talked about |
Analogous to the form allegearreall, the form beidegearreboth also exists. Unlike allegearreall, beidegearreboth is almost obsolete. It occurs 11 times in the Frisian Language Corpus (25 million words). Some examples are provided below:
a. | Hwat nijs yn beidegearre har libben | ||||||||||||||
something new in both their life | |||||||||||||||
Something new in both their lives |
b. | Beidegearre hienen se de prakkesaesjes by itselde | ||||||||||||||
both had they the thoughts on the.same | |||||||||||||||
They both thought about the same thing |
c. | Mar Húsmans nimt beidegearre oan | ||||||||||||||
but Húsmans takes both on | |||||||||||||||
But Husmans hires both |
Example (4a) involves a case in which the adverb is used in a nominal position, accompanying the possessor pronoun, a position that is otherwise reserved for Noun Phrases (NPs). Example (4c) involves a case in which the adverb is not accompanied by a coreferring pronoun.
There is a weak tendency to interpret the form beidenboth as referring to persons, when compared to the form beideboth. The doubtful grammaticality indicates in this example that the judgments below hold for some speakers, but not for others:
a. | De taarten binne beide like lekker | ||||||||||||||
the pies are both equally tasty | |||||||||||||||
The pies are both equally tasty |
b. | ?De taarten binne beiden like lekker | ||||||||||||||
the pies are both equally tasty | |||||||||||||||
The pies are both equally tasty |
c. | ?Dy twa filmstjerren binne beide like lekker | ||||||||||||||
those two movie stars are both equally hot | |||||||||||||||
Those two moviestars are both equally hot |
d. | Dy twa filmstjerren binne beiden like lekker | ||||||||||||||
those two movie stars are both equally hot | |||||||||||||||
Those two moviestars are both equally hot |
The form beidenboth is obligatory in some constructions which can only refer to persons:
a. | *Mei ús beide | ||||||||||||||
with our both | |||||||||||||||
With the two of us |
b. | Mei ús beiden | ||||||||||||||
with our both | |||||||||||||||
With the two of us |
Constructions referring to persons and things exhibit either form, depending on whether persons or things are being referred to:
a. | Ien fan beiden | ||||||||||||||
one of both | |||||||||||||||
One of the two |
b. | Ien fan beide | ||||||||||||||
one of both | |||||||||||||||
One of the two |
Beideboth is inherently a count noun. Alleall can also be used with mass nouns:
a. | *Beide bûter is op | ||||||||||||||
both butter is up | |||||||||||||||
Both butter boxes are empty |
b. | Alle bûter is op | ||||||||||||||
all butter is up | |||||||||||||||
All the butter is finished |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Intonation
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Stress retraction
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Stress in complex words > Stress shifts
- Clitics
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Clitics
- Phonotactics at the word level
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Cliticization
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[75%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Intrusive stop formation
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Orthography
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Nasalization
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Rhotacism
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- d-deletion
[67%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Personal pronouns
[76%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Demonstrative pronouns
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Case - the partitive construction
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Possessive pronouns
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Adjectival inflection
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Personal pronouns
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Ellipsis
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- -DIM (diminutive)
[77%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- In prenominal position
[77%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Quantifiers
[77%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Inputs and input restrictions
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Bound forms
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Prefixation
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Pseudo-participles
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 5.2.1.1. Referential personal pronouns
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns > 5.2. Pronouns > 5.2.1. Personal pronouns
- 6.2.2. Universal quantifiers
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 6 Numerals and quantifiers > 6.2. Quantifiers
- 7.1.4. Distribution of al and alle as independent constituents
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 7 Pre-determiners > 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.1.5.2. The use of allemaal as an independent constituent
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 7 Pre-determiners > 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants > 7.1.5. A special case: Allemaal 'all'
- 4.1.3. Other constructions
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions > 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- Alle 'all'
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Noun ellipsis > After quantifiers
- No NP-complements
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Complementation > Postpositions + simple complements > No complements to postpositions
- As prepositional complement
[76%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Modification > Relative clauses > Syntactic function
- Mapping of prepositional arguments onto syntactic structure
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Characteristics and classification > Prepositions
- The intransitive postposition om 'around' as a verbal diminutive
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Intransitive adpositions
- Mood
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Superlative
[74%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- 3.3.1 Dative and PP alternations
[74%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations of Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases
- Modification of the superlative
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Superlative
- The comparative complement
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
