- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Infinitival clauses can be subjects of predication if they are linked to the anticipatory pronoun itit.
Infinitival clauses can be subjects of predication if they are linked to the anticipatory pronoun itit. In such cases, the adjective is often evaluative. The infinitival clause may either contain a clause-initial bare infinitive (an Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo), or a clause-final infinitive bearing the infinitival marker -(e)n. The Adjective Phrase (AP) may be accompanied by an Adposition Phrase (PP) argument built on the preposition fanof, as in (1) examples below. The PP argument fan Janof Jan must be interpreted as coreferential with the subject of the infinitival clause. This PP argument bears the thematic role of theme, and it must be human:
a. | It is flau fan Jan [en klei oer it eksamen] | ||||||||||||||
it is weak of Jan and complain about the exam | |||||||||||||||
It is weak of Jan to complain about the exam |
b. | It is flau fan Jan [om oer it eksamen te kleien] | ||||||||||||||
it is weak of Jan for about the exam to complain | |||||||||||||||
It is weak of Jan to complain about the exam |
The AP may also be accompanied by a PP argument built on the preposition foarfor, as in (2) below. The argument in the foarfor PP bears the semantic role of experiencer, and experiencers are always human (or animate). The PP argument foar Janof Jan must be interpreted as coreferential with the subject of the infinitival clause:
a. | It is foar Jan net nedich [en helje dat eksamen] | ||||||||||||||
it is for Jan not necessary to pass that exam | |||||||||||||||
It is not necessary for Jan to pass that exam |
b. | It is foar Jan net nedich [om dat eksamen te heljen] | ||||||||||||||
it is for Jan not necessary for that exam to pass | |||||||||||||||
It is not necessary for Jan to pass that exam |
The embedded clause is factive when it is selected by the predicate flauweak and non-factive when it is selected by the adjective nedichnecessary.
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Diminutive allomorphy
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonotactics at the word level
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[75%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- The syllabic affiliation of prevocalic glides
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants > Glides
- Final /d/-deletion
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- Orthography
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Diminutive formation
[67%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Phonology-morphology interface
- Articulatory correlates of stress in Afrikaans
[67%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The phonetic properties of stress
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Case - the partitive construction
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Adjectival compounds
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Adjectival inflection
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- -ing
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Personal pronouns
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Degree
[75%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[75%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- General categories
[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Cardinal numbers
[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Prefixation
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Circumfixation
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[63%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 4.4.2. Bare infinitivals
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases > 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[80%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 3.1.3. Modification by a complex intensifying phrase
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- 2.1. General observations
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- 6.6. PP subjects
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- With om
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Predication > Predicates > Infinitival
- Complete infinitival clause
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- Complete infinitival clause
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > Excessive degree > Sufficient degree > With infinitival clauses
- Clause
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Complementation > PPs
- Preceding modal infinitival, without complementiser om 'for', with object gap
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- Argument types
[86%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Predicate
[83%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Excessive degree te 'too'
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification
- Equative
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Sufficient degree, genoeg 'enough'
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification
