- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The clausal complement may be finite. The complementiser must remain absent in case a complex wh-subject is extracted from subject position. Furthermore, clausal complements need not be syntactically subordinated, even if indirect speech is involved.
A noun may take a finite clausal complement. In the example below, it has the form of a clause introduced by a question word (a wh-clause).
Se rekken ek meiinoar oan it tsieren oer de fraach wa fan harren as de foarnaamste jilde koe |
they got also with.each.other at the quarrelling about the question who of them as the most.important count could |
They also began to quarrel about the question which of them could be regarded as the most important |
The example above is an example of syntactically subordinated indirect speech. Syntactic subordination is signalledd by the word order characteristic of syntactically subordinated clauses, with the tensed verb at the end of the clause. Indirect speech is signalledd, in the example above, by the past tense of the verb. Incidentally, the example above involves short preposing of a complex wh-phrase wa fan harrenwho of them from subject position. Apparently, this blocks the presence of a complementiser, see also embedded wh-phrase):
*Se rekken ek meiinoar oan it tsieren oer de fraach wa fan harren dat as de foarnaamste jilde koe |
they got also with.each.other at the quarrelling about the question who of them that as the most.important count could |
They also began to quarrel about the question which of them could be regarded as the most important |
The corresponding object extraction in the example below is grammatical:
Se rekken ek meiinoar oan it tsieren oer de fraach wa fan harren dat ik as de foarnaamste seach |
they got also with.each.other at the quarrelling about the question who of them that I as the most.important saw |
They also began to quarrel about the question which of them I regarded as the most important |
A corresponding extraction of a simple subject does not sound well:
*Se rekken ek meiinoar oan it tsieren oer de fraach wa dat as de foarnaamste jilde koe |
they got also with.each.other at the quarrelling about the question who that as the most.important count could |
They also began to quarrel about the question which of them two could be regarded as the most important |
These facts should be further investigated. The clausal complement may also constitute an example of indirect speech that is not syntactically subordinated, as shown below:
Hy stelde har ûnder it befel fan Publius Vitellius, mei de hjitting, hja soene fierders de wei oer lân nimme |
he put them under the command of Publius Vitellius, with the instruction they should for.the.remainder the road across land take |
He put them under the command of Publius Vitellius with the instruction that they should travel by land for the remainder of the journey |
The lack of syntactic subordination is signalledd by the word order, characteristic of main clauses, with the tensed verb soeneshouldin second position. Indirect speech is signalledd in the example above by the past tense of the verb. (6) is an example of a clausal complement in direct speech. Direct speech is signalledd by the second person pronoun jimyou:
Jim komme ûnder it befel fan Publius Vitellius mei de hjitting, jim sille fierders de wei oer lân nimme |
you come under the command of Publius Vitellius with the instruction you shall for.the.remainder the road across land take |
You shall be under the command of Publius Vitellius, with the instruction "you shall travel by land for the remainder of the journey" |
The preposition fanof may be used to introduce such clausal complements, regardless of whether they are direct or indirect speech, syntactically subordinated or not. The example below illustrates this for direct speech which is not syntactically subordinated:
Jim komme ûnder it befel fan Publius Vitellius mei de hjitting fan, jim sille fierders de wei oer lân nimme |
you come under the command of Publius Vitellius with the instruction of you shall for.the.remainder the road across land take |
You shall be under the command of Publius Vitellius, with the instruction "you shall travel by land for the remainder of the journey" |
The example below illustrates this for direct speech which is syntactically subordinated:
Jim komme ûnder it befel fan Publius Vitellius mei de hjitting fan dat jim fierders de wei oer lân nimme sille |
you come under the command of Publius Vitellius with the instruction of that you for.the.remainder the road across land take shall |
You shall be under the command of Publius Vitellius, with the instruction that you shall travel by land for the remainder of the journey |
This use of fanof belongs to spoken rather than written language, especially if it does not involve syntactic subordination. Factive finite clauses may somewhat marginally be introduced by prepositions. The example below involves a deadjectival noun selecting the preposition oerabout.
a. | Tsjerk is lilk oer dat er net útnoege is | ||||||||||||||
Tsjerk is angry about that he not invited is | |||||||||||||||
Tsjerk is angry about not being invited |
b. | Syn lilkens oer dat er net útnoege is | ||||||||||||||
his angriness about that he not invited is | |||||||||||||||
His angriness about not being invited |
The example below involves an agentive deverbal noun:
a. | Aristoteles ûntduts dat de ierde rûn wie | ||||||||||||||
Aristoteles discovered that the earth round was | |||||||||||||||
Aristotle discovered that the earth was round |
b. | Aristoteles wie de ûntdekker fan dat de ierde rûn is | ||||||||||||||
Aristotle was the discoverer of that the earth round is | |||||||||||||||
Aristotle was the discoverer of the fact that the earth is round |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Stem allomorphy
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Articulatory correlates of stress
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[69%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Cliticization
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The resolution of hiatus between /a(:)/ or schwa and a following vowel
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel hiatus resolution
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Nasalization
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Articulatory correlates of stress in Afrikaans
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The phonetic properties of stress
- Rhotacism
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Phrase-based compounds
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Synthetic compounds
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Inflection
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Nominal compounds
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- General categories
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -DIM (diminutive)
[75%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Weak verbs
[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -s
[74%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adverbial suffixes > Noun as base
- Prefixation
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Meaning of affixes
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 2.3.1. Finite clauses
[77%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.2.3.1. Agentive er-nominalizations
[77%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements > 2.2.3. Deverbal nouns
- 2.3.3. Differences between clausal complements and relative clauses
[76%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.3. Clausal complements
- 3.1. Main types
[76%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- 2.2.3. Resultative constructions
[76%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure > 2.2. Complementives (secondary predicates)
- Direct and indirect speech following the marker fan 'like'
[81%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses (NCV2s)
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- The empty verb hinnegean 'go' selects an adjunct IPI
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo > Adjunct IPI-constructions
- Pronominal coreference, here and now indexicals and direct versus indirect speech
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Bridge verbs
- Combining with to-infinitives
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Complement clauses (overview)
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Reported speech in Afrikaans: syntactic distribution
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
- The comparative complement
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
- Reported speech in Afrikaans: construction forms
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
- Equative
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
