- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Diphthongs are strong stress attractors in Dutch. This is not only the case when they are followed by a coda consonant in word-final syllables (and thus form superheavy syllables, that are generally stress-attracting), but also when they occur in open syllables. Note, however, that the number of relevant monomorphemic words – that is, words with at least one full vowel next to the diphthong – is rather small.
The relevant items from the CELEX database show that diphthongs attract primary stress in word-final open syllables as well as in penultimate open syllables. To illustrate this, let us first compare disyllabic words of the pattern D-A (diphthong - A-class vowel) to words of the pattern A-D (A-class vowel - diphthong): in D-A words, there is a strong tendency towards penultimate stress (138 of 167 monomorphemic items in CELEX). Unfortunately, there are only seven words of the pattern A-D in the corpus. Still, we can observe an opposite tendency: six of seven relevant items have final stress. Consider the following overview:
a. | Final stress | |||||||
cacao | [ka.'kɑu] | cacao | ||||||
fauteuil | [fo.'tœy] | fauteuil | ||||||
galei | [ɣa.'lɛi] | galley | ||||||
kopij | [ko.'pɛi] | copy | ||||||
lakei | [la.'kɛi] | lackey | ||||||
plavei | [pla.'vɛi] | paving stone |
b. | Penultimate stress | |||||||
kenau | [ˈke.nɑu] | virago |
More exceptions to this generalization can be found in toponyms (see also Kager 1989:231). Toponyms, however, regularly violate even the strongest phonological generalizations; their theoretical status seems unclear. Exceptions are for instance place names ening in –au or –ou:
Nassau | ['nɑ.sɑu] | Nassau |
Warschau | ['ʋɑr.ʃɑu] | Warsaw |
Moskou | ['mɔs.kɑu] | Moscow |
Krakou | [krɑ.kɑu] | Krakow / Cracow |
Words with the pattern D-A show a strong tendency towards penultimate stress, which we find in seven of the eight items:
Words of the pattern D-A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a. | Penultimate stress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aula | ['ɑu.la] | auditorium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aura | ['ɑu.ra] | aura | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
auto | ['ɑu.to] | automobile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
fauna | ['fɑu.na] | fauna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
gaucho | ['ɡɑu.tʃo] | gaucho | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
geisha | ['ɡɛɪ.ʃa] | geisha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sauna | ['sɑu.na] | sauna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b. | Final stress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
taugé | [tɑu.'ɡe] | soybean sprouts |
- Kager, René1989A Metrical Theory of Stress and Destressing in English and DutchDordrechtForis
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Patterns of secondary stress in words with full vowels only
[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- The closed penult restriction
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress in simplex words
- Stress retraction
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Stress in complex words > Stress shifts
- Overview: Stress in Dutch monomorphemic words (based on data from Celex)
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress in simplex words
- Superheavy syllables in stress assignment
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress in simplex words > Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The diphthong restriction
[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress > Generalizations
- /r/-deletion in simplex words
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > /r/-deletion
- Breaking: phonetic aspects
[73%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Breaking
- High-vowel-plus-homorganic-glide-restriction
[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress > Generalizations
- Words with A-class vowels in open final syllables have penultimate primary stress
[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress > Generalizations
- Stress in monomorphemes with final <a>
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- Short /i/ in monomorphemes
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- d-deletion
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Nominal suffixation: diminutives
[68%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Case - the partitive construction
[67%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- -ing
[67%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Adjectival inflection
[67%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- -matig
[66%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- In prenominal position
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Interrogative pronouns
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Cardinal numbers
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -DIM (diminutive)
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Bound forms
[64%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Non-native affixes
[64%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Nominalisation – Person names
[63%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[62%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Prefixation
[62%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.3. Inflection
[71%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification
- 3.1.2. Modification by an intensifier
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- 11.3.3. Topicalization
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement) > 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.3.1.1. Wh-movement in simplex clauses (short wh-movement)
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement) > 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled > 11.3.1. Wh-questions
- 5.4. N-ellipsis
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- Restriction of the B-construction to modals
[65%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- The third construction
[65%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > To-infinitival clauses > Verbal to-infinitives
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[64%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Combining with to-infinitives
[63%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- The complementiser dat 'that' as a marker of syntactic coordination
[63%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses > UCV2s
- Attribution
[70%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Mood
[68%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Constructions with APs
[68%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[68%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Reported speech in Afrikaans: syntactic distribution
[66%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
