- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Assimilation is the phonological process which makes two (or more) adjacent consonants more similar to each other than when they stand on their own or, put differently, assimilation is the process as a result of which two (or more) adjacent consonants come to share a phonological feature which they do not share when occurring in isolation.
In Frisian, the manner feature [±voice] and the place features [labial], [coronal], and [dorsal] are involved in the process, which is reflected in the terms voice assimilation and place assimilation, respectively. Furthermore, assimilation applies in one direction at a time, viz. it operates either from right to left or from left to right. The former mode of application is called regressive assimilation or anticipatory assimilation, the latter progressive assimilation or perseverant assimilation. Combining these two kinds of assimilation yields the following four types:
- regressive place assimilation
- regressive voice assimilation
- progressive place assimilation
- progressive voice assimilation
Place assimilation, regressive or progressive, targets one specific segment, viz. the coronal nasal /n/. As to voice assimilation, regressive assimilation is the general type − it targets segments which can be characterized in terms of broad phonological classes and it applies whenever the conditions of the context are met. Progressive voice assimilation, on the other hand, is the specific type − it only targets specific (single) segments which belong to specific suffixes or classes of words. Another difference is that regressive voice assimilation entails the voicing of segments, while the result of progressive voice assimilation is that segments become voiceless, i.e. they are devoiced. In all relevant respects then both types of voice assimilation contrast sharply with each other.
The feature [voice] is only distinctive within the class of the obstruents (see sonorants and obstruents and the features [±voice] and [±cont]) ‒ nasals, liquids, and glides are inherently voiced. This is likely to be the reason that it is only obstruents which are affected by voice assimilation. The latter can only have a phonetic effect on sonorants, whereas it has a neutralizing effect on obstruents.
Assimilation applies within a certain phonological domain. As to this, there is a neat division of labour between regressive and progressive assimilation. Regressive assimilation occurs between words (in a phonological sense): 1) between separate words in the context of a sentence, 2) between the members of a compound, 3) between prefixes and stems, and 4) between stems and those suffixes which count as words. Progressive assimilation occurs within phonological words. Here as well then both types of assimilation show a sharp contrast.
The counterpart of assimilation is dissimilation. It makes adjacent consonants less similar. In Frisian, dissimilation is much less common than assimilation. To be more precise, there is only one instance of it, concerning the voiceless final sequence /-xs/.
Assimilation in Modern Frisian only targets consonants. A well-known Old Germanic example of regressive assimilation between vowels is Umlaut.
Progressive assimilation between a stem vowel and a suffix vowel is called vowel harmony, traces of which can be observed in the Old Frisian dialect of Rüstringen (northern Germany), in the now extinct dialect of the island of Wangerooge which emanated from it, and in mainland North Frisian (see Versloot (2002)).
Since vowels are inherently voiced, there is only place assimilation between vowels.
See the following topics:
- regressive place assimilation (nasal assimilation)
- regressive voice assimilation: type 1
- regressive voice assimilation: type 2
- regressive voice assimilation of obstruent sequences
- progressive place assimilation
- progressive voice assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
- progressive voice assimilation: function words beginning with /d/
- dissimilation
- Versloot, Arjen P2002Spoaren fan 'fokaallykwicht' yn it FêstewâlnoardfryskUs Wurk5155-69
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Voice assimilation
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Intonation
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Clitics
[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Clitics
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: function words beginning with /d-/
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Regressive Voice Assimilation of obstruent sequences
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Regressive Place Assimilation (Nasal Assimilation)
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Progressive Place Assimilation
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Nasalization
[72%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Rhotacism
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Regressive voice assimilation
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Vowel derounding
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Univerbation
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation
- -achtig
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Cardinal numerals
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Numerals
- Nominal suffixation: diminutives
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Conversion
[69%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- Weak verbs
[73%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -DIM (diminutive)
[73%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Cardinal numbers
[72%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- In prenominal position
[72%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- General categories
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Prefixation
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Non-native affixes
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Preface and acknowledgments
[71%] Dutch > Syntax > Preface and acknowledgements
- 1.2.3. Semantic classification of main verbs
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.2. Verb classifications
- 1.1.1. Properties of adpositions
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 6.3. Supplementive use of the adjective
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[70%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Choice of copula with inanimate subjects
[69%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Referentiality versus quantification
[69%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses > Linearity and referentiality
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Combining with to-infinitives
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Mood
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Root modality
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Modality
- Attribution
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Middle formation
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations involving the external argument
