- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
This topic is about word-final sequences of two fricatives, of which there are only two, viz. /-xs/ and /-zɣ/. Both appear to have a limited rate of occurrence. Besides, more often than not /-xs/ is subject to dissimilation.
Word-final sequences of two fricatives are scarce. There are two instances of them.
In the first place, there is the voiceless final cluster /-xs/, which only occurs in the words listed in (1):
Words ending in the clusters -/xs/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dochs | /dɔɣ+s/ | nevertheless, all the same | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dôchs | /dɔ:ɣ+s/ | nevertheless, all the same | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
flaachs | /fla:xs/ | flax | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
flachs | /flaxs/ | waterweed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
foaroarlochs | /fwar+oərlɔɣ+s/ | prewar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sachs | /saxt+s/ | easily, in any case, at least | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sechs | /sɛxs/ | six | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
slachs (wêze mei) | /slaɣ+s/ | (to be) occupied (with) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
waachs | /va:xs/ | wax | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
wearlichs | /vɪər+lɪɣ+s/ | damned, darn(ed) |
Several things should be noted. First, slachs, wearlichs, dochs/dôchs, and foaroarlochs are complex words, in which [-xs] derives from /-ɣ+s/. The same goes for sachs, which derives from sacht+s (sacht means soft). The first three of these, and sachs, have a derivational -s (/-s/); foaroarlochs is a synthetic compound. Second, sechs is an obsolete word. Third, more often than not, /-xs/ is subject to dissimilation, by which it is turned into [-ks].
The sequence at hand may also result from derivational and/or inflectional processes, as in (do) lychst/li:ɣ+st/[lixst](you) lie, heechst/he:ɣ+st/[he:xst]highest, nachs/nax+s//(<naxt+s/)[naxs]at night, and dochs/dɔɣ+s/[dɔxs]nevertheless, all the same (note that [-x] derives from underlying /-ɣ/ here). Also derived /-xs/ often undergoes dissimilation. The sequence /-xs/, then, is strongly disfavoured all over.
Secondly, there is the voiced sequence /-zɣ/, which only occurs at the end of the stem of weak II verbs (see Hoekstra (1993)). These verbs come in two classes. They can be deliberate, stylistically reinforced variants of verbs with a stem-final /-z/ (from both the weak I and the weak II class), as in (2a), or they can result from a 'natural development', as in (2b) (see also two classes of weak verbs):
Verbs with a stem ending in -/zɣ/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a. | Stylistically reinforced variants of verbs with a stem-final -/z/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
bûnzg(je) | /bu:nzɣ/ | to bang, to boom | (cf. | bûnz(je) | /bu:nz/ | to bang, to boom | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
freezg(je) | /fre:zɣ/ | to fear, to dread | (cf. | frez(e)/freez(je) | /fre:z/ | to fear, to dread | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
riizg(je) | /ri:zɣ/ | to rise (up) | (cf. | riz(e)/riiz(je) | /ri:z/ | to rise (up) | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b. | Resulting from a 'natural development' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
binzg(je) | /be:nzɣ/ | to scrub (off) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
drinzg(je) | /dre:nzɣ/ | to drink; to water | (cf. | drinz(e)/drinz(je) | /dre:nz/ | to drink;'to water | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
eazg(je) | /ɪəzɣ/ | to bail/bale (out); to pour down | (cf. | eaz(e)/eaz(je) | /ɪəz/ | to bail/bale (out); to pour down | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
grânzg(je) | /ɡrɔ:nzɣ/ | to growl; to grumble | (cf. | grânz(je) | /ɡrɔ:nz/ | to growl; to grumble | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
klinzg(je) | /kle:nzɣ/ | to cleanse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
peazg(je) | /pɪəzɣ/ | to slosh, to squelch (through ooze and mud) | (cf. | peaz(je) | /pɪəz/ | to slosh, to squelch (through ooze and mud) | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
reizg(je) | /rajzɣ/ | to travel, to journey | (from | reis | /rajz/ | trip, journey | ) |
As indicated, most of these verbs have variants without /-ɣ-/, which means that they can be interpreted as morphologically complex formations.
The above verbs are also realized with the voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ instead of the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ (though it is not clear in which part of the language area). So a verb like reizgje/rajzɣjə/to travel, to journey can be realized as [rajzɡjə] (in which case /ɡ/ is likely to occur in syllable-initial position: [(rajz).(ɡjə).]).
- Hoekstra, Jarich1993Ig-tiidwurden en g-tiidwurdenUs wurk: tydskrift foar Frisistyk421-68
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Stem allomorphy
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Intonation
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The spelling of vowels
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Onset: sequences of two consonants
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics > Syllable level > Onsets > Complex onsets
- Complex segments as single units
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Sequences involving s & plosives
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Is the complex segment /ts/ an affricate?
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Sequences involving s & plosives
- /{s/z}/-insertion between /{t/d}/ and /jə/
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Rhotacism
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Nasalization
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Onset: sequences of three consonants
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics > Onset
- Vowel derounding
[72%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
[72%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Segment inventory > Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Conversion
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- Nominal suffixation: diminutives
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -er (nominal)
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Cardinal numerals
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Numerals
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- -DIM (diminutive)
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- In prenominal position
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Weak verbs
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Cardinal numbers
[76%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Affixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Prefixation
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Dutch
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- 1.3.1.3. Ing-nominalization
[76%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 2.5.1.1. General introduction
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure > 2.5. Special verbs > 2.5.1. Psychological verbs
- 1.3.1.2. Inf-nominalization (Infinitival nominals)
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 1.3. Inflection
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification
- 1.3.1.4. Ge-nominalization
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- Referentiality versus quantification
[73%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses > Linearity and referentiality
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[73%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- The third construction
[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > To-infinitival clauses > Verbal to-infinitives
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
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[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
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[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
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[74%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Introduction
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[74%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
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[74%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Root modality
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Modality
