- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The verb
silleshall and the irrealis
quickinfo
The past tense of the verb silleshall is the unmarked modal verb for the expression of irrealis in Modern Frisian. Whereas the Dutch equivalent zullenshall lacks a past participle, the Frisian counterpart has a complete paradigm and is used in more semantic contexts. Although the past tense of the irrealis verb may select a perfective infinitive, this construction should not be analysed as a B-construction of the type common in nineteenth-century Frisian. The distinction between realis and irrealis interacts with the distinction between present and past tense. The verb of the irrealis interacts with modal verbs. Verb clusters may feature a deviant word order in case the verb of the irrealis is the tensed verb having a modal verb in its complement (8.6.4). Some irrealis clusters exhibit the phenomenon of double perfect participles, or Participio-pro-Infinitivo (PPI).
readmore
More details about the verb silleshall and the irrealis can be found by following the corresponding links:
References:
Suggestions for further reading ▼
phonology
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonotactics at the word level
[72%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Articulatory correlates of stress
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Verb stems (present tense stems) with and without final consonant
[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[75%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Articulatory correlates of stress in Afrikaans
[72%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The phonetic properties of stress
- Nasalization
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Coda
[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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morphology
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Verbal inflection
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Inflection
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Case in the tot-INFINITIVE-s toe construction
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Categories of verbal inflection
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- General categories
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Weak verbs
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -sel
[78%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Verb as base
- -DIM (diminutive)
[75%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Prefixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Pseudo-participles
[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Circumfixation
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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syntax
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 6.2.1. Perfect auxiliaries
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs > 6.2. Non-main verbs selecting a participle
- 7.3. The linear order of verbs in verb clusters
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 3.2. Premodification
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- 1.4.3. Subjunctive
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.4. Mood
- 2.2.3. Resultative constructions
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure > 2.2. Complementives (secondary predicates)
- The expression of irrealis in nineteenth-century Frisian and in Modern Frisian
[83%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- The verb sille 'shall' and word order in the verbal cluster in nineteenth-century Frisian
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall'
- The past imperative as the expression of the irrealis
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- The empty verb hinnegean 'go' selects an adjunct IPI
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo > Adjunct IPI-constructions
- Constructions with verbs and verb clusters
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- Syntactic characterisation
[79%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Introduction
- Mood
[79%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Tense
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Verb Phrase Introduction
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
Show more ▼
ABOUT THIS TOPIC
Author(s):
Eric Hoekstra
Category:
Frisian Syntax
Publication date:
07 August 2019
Keywords:
irrealis
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