- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Universal quantifiers may also appear to the left of negation, as in the following example:
Feikje is altyd net thús |
Feikje is always not home |
Feikje is never at home |
The sentence can have two readings. The commonest one is the one in which negation takes scope over the quantifier: it is not always the case that Feikje is at home. This reading has the strong presupposition that Feikje is at least sometimes at home. In this reading, the main intonation peak is on the second syllable of the quantifier, with a secondary peak on last word of the sentence. The rarer reading is the one in which the universal quantifier takes scope over negation: it is always the case that Feikje is not at home. In this reading, the main intonation peak is on the first syllable of the quantifier. In general, the presuppositional reading is accompanied by a two-peak intonation pattern, whereas the neutral reading has a one peak intonation pattern.
Likewise, other universal quantifiers can appear to the left of negation, while having the presuppositional reading in which negation takes scope over the quantifier. Some examples are given below:
a. | Men moat alles net sizze wat men tinkt, guods begripe it net | ||||||||||||||
one must everything not say what one thinks some understand it not | |||||||||||||||
Do not say everything you think, some people do not understand it |
b. | Wy kinne allegearre net spinne, al hiene wy it flaaks om neat | ||||||||||||||
we can all not spin even.if had we the flax for nothing | |||||||||||||||
Not all of us can spin, even if we had the flax for free |
c. | In tsjinst fan fiif-en-tritich jier. Dat komt wis elkenien net oer | ||||||||||||||
in service of twenty-five years that comes DcP everyone not about | |||||||||||||||
Thirty-five years with the same employer. That is not something that happens to everybody |
d. | No, dat komt my alle dagen net oer | ||||||||||||||
well that comes me all days not about | |||||||||||||||
Well, that does not happen to me every day |
e. | It sjitten mei carbydbussen op Âldjiersjûn is oeral net like goed ôfrûn | ||||||||||||||
the shooting with carbide.boxes on Old.Year's.Eve is everywhere not equally well ended | |||||||||||||||
Shooting with carbide boxes on New Year's Eve did not go off equally well everywhere |
All examples are characterised by the two-peak intonation pattern, with one peak on the last stressable syllable of the universal quantifier and the second peak on the last word of the sentence in which the quantifier is found. The quantifier allinneonly, which shares many properties with universal quantifiers, behaves in the same way:
a. | Se is ferkâlden. Mar dat is it allinne net. Hja moat nei de Wâlden | ||||||||||||||
she is cold.having but that is it only not she must to the Wâlden | |||||||||||||||
She has a cold. But it is not just that. She has to go to the Wâlden |
b. | Mar dat wie it allinne net. Der wie ek noch in oare reden | ||||||||||||||
but that was it only not there was also yet an other reason | |||||||||||||||
But it was not only that. There was another reason as well |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
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[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Stress in complex words
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[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
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[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Orthography
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
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[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
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[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Primary stress
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[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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[72%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[76%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- -tal
[76%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Possessive pronouns
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- -achtig
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
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[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Weak verbs
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -e
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Onomastic suffixes > Numeral as base
- In prenominal position
[78%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Prefixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Circumfixation
[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
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[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 3.3.2.4.2. Conjunctive coordination ( en ''and'')
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification > 3.3. Postmodification > 3.3.2. Relative clauses > 3.3.2.4. Coordinated antecedents
- 6.3. Supplementive use of the adjective
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 1.3.1.3. Postpositions
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases > 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 3.5. Some ambiguous constructions
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- The PPI-B construction
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- Complete infinitival clause
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- The PPI-A construction
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The past imperative as the expression of the irrealis
[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- The comparative complement
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
- Argument types
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Syntactic characterisation
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Introduction
- Attribution
[76%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
