- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
-iteit (/itɛɪt/) is a cohering stress-bearing non-native suffix found in nouns of common gender derived from non-native adjectives (absurditeitabsurdity < absurdabsurd) or roots (capaciteitcapacity) and occasionally from native adjectives (e.g. flauwi'teitsilliness (< flauwfaint, silly, weak)). Many -iteit derivations correspond with French formations with the suffix -(i)té. The semantics is usually rather abstract: the property of A. There is also a small, closed, class of nouns in -iteit with a more concrete meaning administrative area (e.g. admiraliteitadmirality). The plural form, if applicable, is in -en (capaciteitencapacities, admiraliteitenadmiralities).
-iteit (/itɛɪt/) is a non-native suffix found in nouns of common gender, selecting the singular definite article de, often with a counterpart in French.
Van der Sijs (2010) observes that French words in -té are usually realized in Dutch with the analogous suffix -iteit. The oldest loans, however, such as faculteitfaculty, have a different form (without i) that suggests a route via a Northern-French dialect; majesteitmajesty and sociëteitsociety, club may have yet other histories. Puberteitpuberty is a recent loan from French in which -té corresponds with -teit rather than -iteit (< Fr. puberté < Lat. pubertas).
- The suffix combines productively with non-Germanic simplex or complex adjectives: absurditeitabsurdity, frivoliteitfrivolity, enormiteitenormity, conformiteitconformity, continuïteitcontinuity, studentikoziteit (< studentikoosstudenty). There is quite some allomorphy, etc. (De Haas and Trommelen 1993:261-62) which can often be explained from analogy with French:
- if -iteit is attached to a stem ending in /k/, /k/ changes into /s/ (written as c): artisticiteitartisticity < artistiekartistic, excentriciteitexcentricity < excentriekexcentric. The only exception is antiquiteit/ɑntiki'tɛɪt, ɑntikwi'tɛɪt/antiquity with an unexpected spelling and a pronounciation variant that is probably a case of spelling pronounciation.
- the suffixes -air and -ain change into -aar and -aan, respectively, when -iteit is attached (a case of learned vowel backing): solidariteitsolidaritity < solidairsolidary, mondaniteitsophistication < mondainmundane; correspondingly, the suffix -eel becomes -aal before -iteit: criminaliteitcriminalitity < crimineelcriminal. The only exception is fideliteitfidelity < fideeljolly where *fidaliteit would have been expected. The same learned vowel backing occurs if -iteit is attached to derivations in -eus or -eur: these change into -os and -or, respectively: curiositeitcuriosity < curieuscurious, superioriteitsuperioritity < superieursuperior; exceptional are pompeuziteitpomposity and nerveuziteitnervosity (next to nervositeitnervosity).
- if an adjective ends in -ier, this will change into -aar when -iteit is attached: particulariteitparticularity < particulierprivate.
- in adjectives with the suffixes -abel and -ibel, schwa becomes /i:/: variabiliteitvariability < variabelvariable, plausibiliteitplausibility < plausibelplausible.
- prevocalic schwa-deletion occurs when the base adjective ends in schwa: rigiditeitrigidity < rigiderigid, and also in integriteitintegrity < integerof integrity.
[hide extra information]xDe Haas and Trommelen (1993: 262) call it noteworthy that -iteit rarely combines with native stems, but it fits the generalization (cf. (Booij 2002: 95)) that native affixes easily combine with native and non-native bases, whereas non-native affixes usually are restricted to non-native bases.
Festiviteitfestivity has no corresponding adjective. If it is derived from the noun feest then there is change of vowel quality (/e:/ > /ɛ/) and (analogical?) insertion of -iv; according to Van der Sijs (2010) it is a loan from French (festivitéfestivity) going backt to Latin festivitasfestivity, revelry.
De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 262) mention gemeniteitmeanness, shabby trick as the only case of a prefixed adjective as base (gemeencommon, mean), but that word is rarely found outside dictionaries.
rariteitcuriosity is an old loan (Fr. raritérarity) that may have undergone a semantic development parallel to, and in analogy with, the cognate adjective raarstrange.
Booij (2002: 100-1) notes that when a complex word contains both non-native and native suffixes, the order of these suffixes is always such that the non-native suffix precedes the native suffix, as non-native suffixes only attach to non-native stems. In general, it is the suffix that determines the subcategory to which a word belongs. Hence, if the last suffix of a complex word is [-native], the whole word will be [-native]. It will assumed therefore that this feature is percolated from the suffix to the dominating node of the complex word. When the last suffix is [+native], the whole word will then be [+native], and hence will not be available for non-native suffixation. The important theoretical implication of this account is that we do not need the mechanism of level ordering (with the level of non-native affixation ordered before that of native affixation) for morphological purposes.
This account can also handle so-called morphological bracketing paradoxes. For instance, the noun ongrammaticaliteitungrammaticality has been derived from the adjective ongrammaticaalungrammatical, and this adjective in turn has been derived from grammaticaalgrammatical. That is, native affixation has preceded non-native affixation in this case. This is a problem in a theory of level ordering in which all non-native morphology is ordered before all native morphology. In the feature percolation approach outlined above, however, there is no problem: the adjective ongrammaticaal remains [-native] because the prefix on- is not category-determining, and hence does not make the word ongrammaticaal a native word. Therefore, it is still possible to attach the [-native] suffix -iteit to this complex adjective.
- There are a few nouns in -iteit that denote some kind of administrative area, e.g. admiraliteitnavy office. The process is unproductive.
The suffix -iteit bears stress (Smessaert 2013: 164): integriteit[ɪn.te.γri.'tɛɪt]integrity (< integer[ɪn.'te.γər]integer). As the transcription shows, syllabification does not respect the morphological structure, that is, the suffix is cohering. The plural form of -iteit formations, if applicable, is in -en (capaciteitencapacities). -iteit formations easily enter into compound formation. The Dutch spoken Corpus (CGN) contains, among others, the following cases involving capaciteit: verbrandingscapaciteitincineration capacityziekenhuiscapaciteithospital capacity, capaciteitentestability test, capaciteitsopbouwcapacity building. Note the linking morphemes (-en- and -s-, respectively) in the last examples.
- Booij, Geert2002The morphology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- Booij, Geert2002The morphology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- Booij, Geert2002The morphology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Sijs, Nicoline van der2010Etymologiebank, http://etymologiebank.nl/
- Sijs, Nicoline van der2010Etymologiebank, http://etymologiebank.nl/
- Smessaert, Hans2013Basisbegrippen morfologieBasisbegrippen taalkundeLeuven/Den HaagACCO
- Dutch
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- Stem allomorphy
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- The spelling of linking elements in compounds
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[81%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Cliticization
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Rhotacism
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Nasalization
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Onset: sequences of three consonants
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics > Onset
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- Derivation: non-native morphology
[87%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- -ing
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
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[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
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[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
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[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
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[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- -heid, -ens and -ichheid
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Adjective as base
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[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
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[84%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
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[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
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[81%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations > 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument > 3.2.1. Passivization
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[80%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
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[80%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements > 2.2.3. Deverbal nouns
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[80%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
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[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
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[76%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
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[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Modification > Relative clauses > Syntactic function
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[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
